Primary Sources
""The Courier’s Double ‘V’ For a Double Victory Campaign Gets Country-Wide Support.." The Pittsburgh Courier 14 Feb. 1942: 1. Print.
This newspaper article described the positive support for the Campaign when it was introduced, and it encouraged others to take action.
Davis, John A., and Marjorie Mckenzie Lawson. "Postwar Employment and the Negro Worker." Common Ground n.d. (1946): n.d.. Print.
This entry provided statistics and descriptions of the working class, allowing insight into the economic struggles of African Americans prewar, and how the war effected them.
Drake, St. Clair, and Horace R. Cayton. Black metropolis: a study of Negro life in a northern city. London: J. Cape, 1946. Print.
This book provided information on the increasing population in the South Side of Chicago pre-war, and the effect it had on the economy for African Americans. It made it a lot harder to get a job, and living conditions decreased.
"ExplorePAHistory.com - Image." ExplorePAHistory.com - Image. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013.
<http://explorepahistory.com/displayimage.php?imgId=1-2-F3C>.
This source provided a picture that showed a protest for the Double V movement. It helped to explicate how the war
fit in with the protest, and how African Americans used that to gain support for their cause.
"Harlem Politics." Harlem Politics. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013.
<http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/harlem_history/pe_politics.html>.
This source provided a picture of the insignia of the Double V Campaign.
"Harlem Politics." Harlem Politics. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013.
<http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/harlem_history/pe_politics.html>.
This source provided a picture that showed the campaign's popular slogan. The slogan asked for victory both at war, and at home. The picture stands for African Americans who wanted to gain complete civil rights after the war ended.
"Ray Elliot - 1939-1945: "Two Wars to Win"." First Person Oral Histories. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/centapp/oh/story.do?shortName=elliot1939vv>.
This website provided important recordings of a man who participated in the movement during the time. He
explained the importance of the campaign, and how he felt being part of it.
"The Double V symbol inspires the fight against fascism abroad and racism at home." American Centuries. N.p., n.d.
Web. 18 Dec. 2013.
<http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/activities/oralhistory/cappics/elliot1939vv_inkspots.jpg>.
This source provided a picture that showed a popular band during the time. They make a "V" with holding up their
fingers, showing how many people, including musicians were involved in the movement.
"The Double Victory Campaign." HennessyHistory. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2014.
<https://hennessyhistory.wikispaces.com/Double+Victory+Campaign-1>.
This website provided useful photographs of the photos from the Double V Campaign, including the founders of the
Campaign, and editors of the Pittsburgh Courier.
"The Pittsburgh Courier." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/blackpress/news_bios/courier.html>.
This website provided important pictures, including those of famous African American actresses who helped
support the movement. This helped to explicate the fact that many people outside of Kansas were spreading the
campaign movements.
"What Was Black America’s Double War?." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-
americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/what-was-black-americas-double-war/>.
This website provided a photo of a group of African Americans supporting the campaign. They would later join to be part of the Civil Rights Movement and set up many marches together.
"n.d.." Pittsburgh Courier 11 Jan. 1940: n.d.. Print.
This newspaper article provided information on the unfortunate state of the African American population after the
Great Depression, presenting insight on their lives before World War II.
"n.d.." Daily News [Chicago] 20 Dec. 1941: n.d.. Print.
This newspaper article described the state of CPS schools before the outbreak of war. More than 2/3 of the CPS
schools that had a half-day school day were located on the South Side, where the majority of black neighborhoods
were.
"n.d.." Chicago Defender 27 Dec. 1941: n.d.. Print.
This newspaper article was the first Defender article to support the Double V Campaign. It instilled the ideas of
reformation in the minds of African Americans.
"n.d.." Chicago Sun 22 May 1943: n.d.. Print.
This newspaper article provided information on a CIO-Chicago Urban League placement program that put African
Americans in every type of industry, showing the reformation beginning to take effect.
"n.d.." Chicago Defender 31 July 1943: n.d.. Print.
This newspaper article describes the rent increase for African American housing in Chicago before the war, even
though their wages remained the same. This caused them to struggle in the economy.
"n.p.." Chicago Sun 23 Feb. 1945: 9. Print.
This newspaper article described the terrible living conditions in the South Side of Chicago pre-campaign, going
into detail about the rodent infestations.
This newspaper article described the positive support for the Campaign when it was introduced, and it encouraged others to take action.
Davis, John A., and Marjorie Mckenzie Lawson. "Postwar Employment and the Negro Worker." Common Ground n.d. (1946): n.d.. Print.
This entry provided statistics and descriptions of the working class, allowing insight into the economic struggles of African Americans prewar, and how the war effected them.
Drake, St. Clair, and Horace R. Cayton. Black metropolis: a study of Negro life in a northern city. London: J. Cape, 1946. Print.
This book provided information on the increasing population in the South Side of Chicago pre-war, and the effect it had on the economy for African Americans. It made it a lot harder to get a job, and living conditions decreased.
"ExplorePAHistory.com - Image." ExplorePAHistory.com - Image. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013.
<http://explorepahistory.com/displayimage.php?imgId=1-2-F3C>.
This source provided a picture that showed a protest for the Double V movement. It helped to explicate how the war
fit in with the protest, and how African Americans used that to gain support for their cause.
"Harlem Politics." Harlem Politics. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013.
<http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/harlem_history/pe_politics.html>.
This source provided a picture of the insignia of the Double V Campaign.
"Harlem Politics." Harlem Politics. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013.
<http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/harlem_history/pe_politics.html>.
This source provided a picture that showed the campaign's popular slogan. The slogan asked for victory both at war, and at home. The picture stands for African Americans who wanted to gain complete civil rights after the war ended.
"Ray Elliot - 1939-1945: "Two Wars to Win"." First Person Oral Histories. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2014.
<http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/centapp/oh/story.do?shortName=elliot1939vv>.
This website provided important recordings of a man who participated in the movement during the time. He
explained the importance of the campaign, and how he felt being part of it.
"The Double V symbol inspires the fight against fascism abroad and racism at home." American Centuries. N.p., n.d.
Web. 18 Dec. 2013.
<http://www.americancenturies.mass.edu/activities/oralhistory/cappics/elliot1939vv_inkspots.jpg>.
This source provided a picture that showed a popular band during the time. They make a "V" with holding up their
fingers, showing how many people, including musicians were involved in the movement.
"The Double Victory Campaign." HennessyHistory. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2014.
<https://hennessyhistory.wikispaces.com/Double+Victory+Campaign-1>.
This website provided useful photographs of the photos from the Double V Campaign, including the founders of the
Campaign, and editors of the Pittsburgh Courier.
"The Pittsburgh Courier." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/blackpress/news_bios/courier.html>.
This website provided important pictures, including those of famous African American actresses who helped
support the movement. This helped to explicate the fact that many people outside of Kansas were spreading the
campaign movements.
"What Was Black America’s Double War?." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 6 Feb. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-
americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/what-was-black-americas-double-war/>.
This website provided a photo of a group of African Americans supporting the campaign. They would later join to be part of the Civil Rights Movement and set up many marches together.
"n.d.." Pittsburgh Courier 11 Jan. 1940: n.d.. Print.
This newspaper article provided information on the unfortunate state of the African American population after the
Great Depression, presenting insight on their lives before World War II.
"n.d.." Daily News [Chicago] 20 Dec. 1941: n.d.. Print.
This newspaper article described the state of CPS schools before the outbreak of war. More than 2/3 of the CPS
schools that had a half-day school day were located on the South Side, where the majority of black neighborhoods
were.
"n.d.." Chicago Defender 27 Dec. 1941: n.d.. Print.
This newspaper article was the first Defender article to support the Double V Campaign. It instilled the ideas of
reformation in the minds of African Americans.
"n.d.." Chicago Sun 22 May 1943: n.d.. Print.
This newspaper article provided information on a CIO-Chicago Urban League placement program that put African
Americans in every type of industry, showing the reformation beginning to take effect.
"n.d.." Chicago Defender 31 July 1943: n.d.. Print.
This newspaper article describes the rent increase for African American housing in Chicago before the war, even
though their wages remained the same. This caused them to struggle in the economy.
"n.p.." Chicago Sun 23 Feb. 1945: 9. Print.
This newspaper article described the terrible living conditions in the South Side of Chicago pre-campaign, going
into detail about the rodent infestations.
Secondary Sources
Baldwin, Davarian. "The Civil Rights Movement." The Civil Rights Movement. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013.
<http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africanaage/essay-civil-rights.html>.
This source provided information on how the country responded to the Double V Campaign and what FDR did to
respond to it. It also discussed FDR's civil rights policies, including the Four Freedoms.
"History Engine: Tools for Collaborative Education and Research | Episodes." History Engine: Tools for Collaborative
Education and Research | Episodes. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013.
<http://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/4682>.
This educational article discusses the reasons that the African Americans wanted to protest for their right to
equality. It helps to verify that the Campaign was much needed and was welcomed when it was introduced.
"Newspapers: The Pittsburgh Courier." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013.
<http://www.pbs.org/blackpress/news_bios/courier.html>.
This article helped to show the origins of the Double V Campaign. The Campaign stemmed from Robert Lee Van
who wanted to end racism during World War II.
"Patriotism Crosses the Color Line: African Americans in World War II." The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American
History. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013. <http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/world-war-ii/essays/patriotism-
crosses-color-line-african-americans-world-war-ii>.
This essay described the protestation of African Americans to discrimination and the desire to be involved in the war efforts. It provided examples as to how they protested and background information about how the Second World War provoked the Campaign.
Piggott, Felice. "Classroom Connections: World War II and the Double V Campaign (Gr. 10-12)." New York Public
Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013. <http://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/11/12/classroom-connections-wwii-double-v
-campaign-gr-10-12>.
This online article provided examples of different ways the African Americans protested inequality and how these
actions helped them long term.
"THE BLACK PRESS: SOLDIERS WITHOUT SWORDS - Facilitator Guide." THE BLACK PRESS: SOLDIERS WITHOUT
SWORDS - Facilitator Guide. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013. <http://newsreel.org/guides/blackpress/treason.htm>.
This source helped provide general information about why African Americans started the Double V movement.
Because of the many that went to help in the war effort, they also wanted the same civil rights that whites had, so
they started the campaign.
"The Double Victory Campaign." HennessyHistory. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013.
<http://hennessyhistory.wikispaces.com/Double+Victory+Campaign-1>.
This source helped define what the Double V movement was about. It explained where the name came from, why
so many were involved, and how effective it was.
<http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africanaage/essay-civil-rights.html>.
This source provided information on how the country responded to the Double V Campaign and what FDR did to
respond to it. It also discussed FDR's civil rights policies, including the Four Freedoms.
"History Engine: Tools for Collaborative Education and Research | Episodes." History Engine: Tools for Collaborative
Education and Research | Episodes. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013.
<http://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/4682>.
This educational article discusses the reasons that the African Americans wanted to protest for their right to
equality. It helps to verify that the Campaign was much needed and was welcomed when it was introduced.
"Newspapers: The Pittsburgh Courier." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013.
<http://www.pbs.org/blackpress/news_bios/courier.html>.
This article helped to show the origins of the Double V Campaign. The Campaign stemmed from Robert Lee Van
who wanted to end racism during World War II.
"Patriotism Crosses the Color Line: African Americans in World War II." The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American
History. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013. <http://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/world-war-ii/essays/patriotism-
crosses-color-line-african-americans-world-war-ii>.
This essay described the protestation of African Americans to discrimination and the desire to be involved in the war efforts. It provided examples as to how they protested and background information about how the Second World War provoked the Campaign.
Piggott, Felice. "Classroom Connections: World War II and the Double V Campaign (Gr. 10-12)." New York Public
Library. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013. <http://www.nypl.org/blog/2013/11/12/classroom-connections-wwii-double-v
-campaign-gr-10-12>.
This online article provided examples of different ways the African Americans protested inequality and how these
actions helped them long term.
"THE BLACK PRESS: SOLDIERS WITHOUT SWORDS - Facilitator Guide." THE BLACK PRESS: SOLDIERS WITHOUT
SWORDS - Facilitator Guide. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013. <http://newsreel.org/guides/blackpress/treason.htm>.
This source helped provide general information about why African Americans started the Double V movement.
Because of the many that went to help in the war effort, they also wanted the same civil rights that whites had, so
they started the campaign.
"The Double Victory Campaign." HennessyHistory. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013.
<http://hennessyhistory.wikispaces.com/Double+Victory+Campaign-1>.
This source helped define what the Double V movement was about. It explained where the name came from, why
so many were involved, and how effective it was.